Abstract:

This think was conducted to watch the figure of dependent infections among imprisoned elephants of Different Wild chronicle Reserve Park of Nepal .Fecal samples of 20 elephants were composed from Suklaphanta, Bardiya Sauraha and Koshi Tappu during 2007June-November 2007, and examined for the proximity of helminthes ova. Of the 20 elephants, every were constructive for helminthes. The frequency of helminthes incident as transcribed in this think was discover of 20 samples 6 samples were constructive for Fasciola jacksoni,2 for Paramphistome,15 samples revealed the proximity of foodstuff and larvae of Oesophagostomum spp, and Chabertia spp 18 samples were constructive for Schistosomes spp 1 distribution was institute constructive for Dicrocoelium spp and 1 distribution constructive for Monezia spp. Location owlish samples from Koshi Tappu wildlife jock were constructive for Fasciola and Schistosomes spp patch samples from Chitwan National biome were constructive for Fasciola,Paramphistome and Oesophagostomum spp .The samples from Suklaphanta wildlife jock and Bardia wildlife jock were constructive for Schistosomes spp and Oesophagostomum and Chabertia spp.As this is the prototypal display of the figure of Helminthes in Elephant and requirement to asses seasonal ornament .

Background:

Elephants are mainly upraised in wildlife jock for section watch patrolling.Many use in these wildlife Atlantic do ready these birdlike for journeying operation.Very lowercase impact has been finished to writing the disease and follower information of this birdlike has been finished in past.

Material and Methods:

Fecal samples were composed from assorted disorderly chronicle jock and Coprological psychotherapy was finished by qualitative method.

Carpological findings

S.N Fasciola spp Paramphistomum Oesophagostomum spp/ Chabertia spp Schistosomes Dicrocoelium Monezia

Koshi tappu

1 - - - + -

+

2 + - + + ++ -

3 - - - + - -

4 - - - +

5 - - - + - -

6 - - - - -

7 ++ - — ++ – –

Sauraha

8 ++ ++ +++ – – –

9 ++ + + ++ - -

10 - - ++ ++ - -

Suklaphanta

11 + - ++ ++ - -

12 + - ++ ++ - -

13 - - ++ ++ - -

Bardiya

14 - - ++ ++ - -

15 - - ++ ++ - -

16 - - ++ ++ - -

17 - - ++ ++ - -

18 - - ++ ++ - -

19 - - ++ ++ - -

2o - - - -

Total

Review of literatures

Bivitellobilharzia nairi was prototypal transcribed in Bharat by Mudaliar Ramanujachar, Dutta and Srivastava, in 1955. A sort of grown insect specimens of this platyhelminth species were recovered by Agatsuma, T., Rajapakse, R. P., Kuruwita, V. Y., Iwagami, M., and Rajapakse, R. C, from a husbandly elephant, which died in 1999 in Sri Lanka. This is the prototypal inform of this platyhelminth from Sri Lanka (1). Saseendran, P. C., Rajendran, S., Subramanian, H., Sasikumar, M., Vivek, G., and Anil, K. S, conducted Study to watch the figure of dependent infections among imprisoned elephants in Guruvayoor municipality in Kerala, India. The frequency of helminthes incident attenuated from 22.73% in 2000 to 12.73% in 2002. Among the constructive dejection samples, 10 (10.10%) had Strongylidae and 7 (7.07%) had Digenea.They over the baritone frequency of insect incident among imprisoned elephants in the unnatural Atlantic strength be cod to the lawful period deworming using albendazole (2.5 mg/kg embody weight(2). Easwaran, K. R., Reghu, Ravindran., and Pillai, K. M. reportable dependent incident in 4 disorderly boars (Sus scrofa cristatus), a calfskin elephant (Elephas maximus), a cervid cervid (Cervus unicolor) and a cat (Felis bengalensis) at the Thekaddy land Atlantic in Kerala, India. Parasites institute in the disorderly boar, eliminate Gastrodiscoides hominis and Gnathostoma hispidum, commonly foul husbandly pigs. The elephant calfskin was hard pussy with stongyle worms and maggots of Cobboldia elephantis. The cervid was pussy with Linguatula serrata larvae, whereas the cat was institute to be pussy with Echinococcus granulosus.(3). Kashid, K. P., Shrikhande, G. B., and Bhojne, G. R. unaccompanied worms included Amphistoma, strongyles, Trichuris spp., Moniezia spp., Ascaridia galli, Toxascaris leonina, Raillietina tetragona, Paragonimus westermani, Filaroides osleri [Oslerus osleri], F. hirthi, Ascaridia galli + R. tetragona, Taenia taeniaeformis, Trichuris + P. westermani and Ascaridia galli + Subulura spp.(4). Carreno, R. A., Neimanis, A. S., Lindsjo, J., Thongnoppakun, P., Barta, J. R., and Peregrine, A. S. reportable soiled examinations were perverse for insect foodstuff in every elephants and perverse for platyhelminth foodstuff in digit of the animals. However, grown parasites were recovered from dejection from apiece of the animals 36-72 hours after deworming. These included Murshidia falcifera, M. neveulemairei, a Quilonia species, and the amphistome Pfenderius papillatus, 1910. The uncovering of P. papillatus constitutes the prototypal achievement of this species in Thailand. Specimens of P. papillatus were examined by scanning lepton microscopy. In oppositeness to early descriptions of this species, no striking papillae were institute at the preceding end. Structures on the socket that had previously been described as papillae were actually elevated pores that were distribute over the acetabulum. These pores dissent from every preceding descriptions of P. papillatus and inform a highly restricted socket in P. papillatus qualifying to another Pfenderius species.(5). Raman, M., Jayathangaraj, M. G., and Malik, P. K. reportable baritone work conditions, larvae of Murshidia sp. revealed panoptic motility until 4 months and serviceable medium motility until 7 months. In comparison, larvae of Quilonia sp. and Decrusia sp. displayed a panoptic honor of motility during the prototypal 2 months, but this afterward declined. These observations declare that, baritone in vitro conditions, strongylid larvae from imprisoned Asiatic elephants of the city location haw endure for 4 to 7 months.(6). Suresh, K., Choudhuri, P. C., Kumari, K. N., Hafeez, M., and Hamza, P. A conducted soiled foodstuff counts (EPG) by Stoll’s dilution method. Analysis of senior records revealed that in NZP strongylosis was frequent in flavour (52.63%) and the figure was modify in animals beneath 15 eld of age. Seven animals (63.64 and 87.5%) apiece proven constructive for ova of strongyles in NZP and SVD, respectively. On communication with albendazole (Kalbend, 5 mg/kg BW, PO), the animals completely recovered on the ordinal day. Therapy resulted in decreases in the pretherapeutic stingy EPGs of 700±128.89 (SVD) and 671.4±123.20 (NZP) to 78.57±30.53 and 50±21.79, respectively. The animals were monitored up to quaternary weeks after therapy.(7). Raman, M., Jayathagaraj, M. G., Rajavelu, G., and John, M. C.reported Strongylosis in imprisoned elephants (8).Saidul, Islam, Abdul, Mukit, Manoranjan, Das, Islam, S., Mukit, A., and Das, M. unnatural the pathology of both embryonic and grown Gastrodiscus secundus and Pseudodiscus collinsi were recovered from the cavum of 2 imprisoned continent elephants (Elephas maximus) at Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Oedema, mark nous filler haemorrhages and ulcerative patches in the cavum membrane were prominent. Mild lymphocytic filtration in the membrane with focal modification at the counsel of the villi were observed. (9). Bhat, M. N. and Manickam, R. conducted coproculture and dissent of ordinal initiate larvae of Murshidia sp. in elephants (Elephas maximus).(10). On Postmortem communicating Matsuo, K., Hayashi, S., and Kamiya, M. institute that the gastrointestinal tracts of every 3 animals were also pussy with Murshidia falcifera (Nematoda), Hawkesius hawkesi and Pfenderius papillatus (Digenea) and Cobboldia elephantis (Diptera). The elephant louse, Haematomyzus elephantis, was a ordinary drive of dermatopathy in elephants kept in the husbandly park.(11). Islam, S. conducted Study on whatever aspects of cloud in continent elephants (Elephas maximus). Wild elephants had an coverall figure evaluate of 33.78%. Captive elephants showed figure rates of 42.50, 62.28 and 18.18% according to locality. The egg, miracidium and grown stages of F. jacksoni were unnatural by reddened and scanning lepton microscopy, and their geomorphology is described. A daytime modification in soiled foodstuff calculate was recorded, with cipher counts of 4.89, 2.47 and 2.76 during the morning, hour and evening, respectively. Young animals were most strained by the follower and showed anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, symptom and icterus, with modification occurring in nonindulgent cases. Some senior adults survived the disease with no manifest clinical manifestations. The grown parasites caused super liver damage. Treatment with triclabendazole (9 mg/kg, not prodigious 7200 mg/animal) and oxyclozanide (7.5 mg/kg, not prodigious 6.8 g/animal) were 100 and 72.16% effective, respectively.(12). Matsuo, K. and Suprahman, H reportable threesome Indonesian elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia, that died of clostridiosis were pussy with 1 species of insect (Murshida falcifera), 2 trematodes (Hawkesius hawkesi and Pfenderius papillatus), and 1 larval botfly species (Cobboldia elephantis) in the gastrointestinal tract. This is the prototypal inform of H. hawkesi, P. papillatus and C. elephantis incident in Indonesian elephants in Indonesia(13). Watve, M. G. conducted think on Helminthes Parasites of Elephants: Ecological Aspects. The helminthes parasites of liberated ranging as substantially as imprisoned elephants of the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary were unnatural quantitatively by analysing over 200 dejection samples and 7 examination examinations. The figure and intensities of incident were panoptic in both imprisoned as substantially as disorderly elephants. The insect communities of both were, however, species slummy as compared to another mammalian patron species. The panoptic figure and intensities are intellection to be attendant to the epilepsy of pillage and the baritone species heterogeneity haw be a termination of epilepsy of another intimately attendant patron species. The geezerhood and stimulate of individuals sampled did not change their follower loads significantly. The soiled propagule densities were significantly greater during the parched flavour as compared to the dewy season. Stronglid nematodes of the genus Quilonia submissive the insect communities. Tapeworm incident was significantly greater in imprisoned elephants than the disorderly ones. The doable reasons for this disagreement are discussed.(14). Singh, K. P., Srivastava, V. K., Prasad, A., and Pandey, A. P conducted think of Pathology cod to Fasciola jacksoni in Amerindic elephants (Elephas indicus). F. jacksoni recovered from pussy liver and lungs were nearly round, pear-shaped activity 10-16 mm in size and 8.5-14 mm in breadth with ill-defined cephalic modify between bleary shoulders. The gut was extensively branched. The chromatic coloured ova were conic with an operculum at digit modify and rhythmic 0.112-0.160 (mean 0.13) mm in size and 0.054-0.096 (mean 0.07) mm in width. Infected liver showed harm tracts, condensation of bile ductules, cirrhotic changes and pseudolobulations. In the lungs, the bronchial lumen contained desquamated cells admixed with fibrinohaemorrhagic exudate.(15). Li, C. X., Rong, Y. M., and Xie, Q. P.conducted a think of insect parasites of elephants (Elephas maximus).In between 1985 and 1990, the mass parasites were recovered from Elephas maximus in China: Choniangium epistomum, Murshidia falcifera, M. murshida, M. neveulemairei, Quilonia travancra, Chabertia erschovi, Gasterophilus pecorum, and G. intestinalis.(16) Chakraborthy, A. and Chaudhury, B. conducted think on Pathology of Fasciola jacksoni cloud in elephants. Fasciola jacksoni incident was unconcealed in 2 discover of 3 elephants autopsied at province State Zoo, India, during 1985 to 1989. The parasites were bespoken to biliary epithelium. Microscopy demonstrated that the biliary epithelium was unshapely by necrotic paper which contained erythrocytes and ova of F. jacksoni. The epithelium was analyzed by X-ray microanalysis, which showed that the pussy epithelium contained aluminum, silicon, metal and iron, patch non-infected, connatural biliary epithelium contained exclusive element and sulfur. Scanning lepton microscopy demonstrated that both the dorsal and dorsoventral surfaces of the follower controlled spines.(17). Maske, D. K., Sardey, M. R., and Bhilegaonkar, N. G, Studied the Helminth parasites in installation animals of Maharaj Bag, Nagpur, Maharashtra State on soiled samples obtained from 28 animals during 1979 to 1981 were examined by candid smear, finance and dilution calculate techniques. 17 animals were constructive for dependent infections. Toxascarids and Ancylostoma were institute in lions and tigers in inclement and season seasons. Isospora felis, Paragonimus westermani and Taenia pisiformis were also institute in winter. Ancylostoma sp. was institute in cat cubs, and ascarids in cat cubs. solon than 1 insect species were not commonly institute together. Strongyles were institute in elephants and a platyhelminth in a python. A slothbear, chain bear, Slavonic assume and albescent and black monkeys were perverse for insect parasites.(18). Li, C. X., Rong, Y. M., and Lan, J. G. conducted a think on antihelmintic effectualness of albendazole against parasites in Amerindic elephants 4 Amerindic elephants aerated orally with albendazole at 20, 30 or 35 mg/kg were perverse for insect and platyhelminth foodstuff after digit month.(19). Eric R. Morgan1,2,6, poet Shaikenov3, Apostle R. Torgerson2,4, choreographer F. Medley1 and E. J. Milner-Gulland5 reportable Saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) give extensively on eutherian pasture, potentially sanctioning sending of a panoramic arrange of dependent helminths between saigas and husbandly ruminants. Thirty-six of the 38 species of insect that hit been institute in saigas in Kazakh in the time hit been institute also in husbandly livestock. We examined 133 saigas culled for meat in season 1997, and institute threesome species of platyhelminth and 12 nematodes (nine in the abomasum), but no trematodes or lungworms. The most galore species were Marshallagia marshalli, Marshallagia mongolica, and Nematodirus gazellae in the abomasum, Nematodirus gazellae in the diminutive intestine, and Skrjabinema ovis in the super intestine. There was no country relation between intensities of abomasal nematodes and embody condition. Age-intensity patterns differed between species: N. gazellae intensities were maximal in saigas around 2–3 yr old, and declined in senior animals, whereas the grade of Marshallagia spp. chromatic asymptotically with age. Fecal foodstuff spacing was direct progressive to grown insect grade crossways ages for Marshallagia spp., but exclusive in teen animals for N. gazellae. There was no grounds that helminths, at the intensities observed, adversely change antelope populations. The patron arrange of whatever of the parasites institute is broad, and sending between saigas and eutherian in both directions strength embellish essential to cultivation and advance as eutherian drawing recover. Simplified distribution techniques utilised in this study, and statistical psychotherapy supported on bootstrapping, could establish multipurpose in another parasitologic surveys of wildlife in far areas. (20)

Result and Discussion:

The frequency of helminthes incident as transcribed in this think was discover of 20 samples 6 samples were constructive for Fasciola jacksoni,2 for Paramphistome,15 samples revealed the proximity of foodstuff and larvae of Oesophagostomum spp, and Chabertia spp 18 samples were constructive for Schistosomes spp 1 distribution was institute constructive for Dicrocoelium spp and 1 distribution constructive for Monezia spp. Location owlish samples from Koshi Tappu wildlife jock were constructive for Fasciola and Schistosomes spp patch samples from Chitwan National biome were constructive for Fasciola,Paramphistome and Oesophagostomum spp .The samples from Suklaphanta wildlife jock and Bardia wildlife jock were constructive for Schistosomes spp and Oesophagostomum and Chabertia spp.As this is the prototypal display of the figure of Helminthes in Elephant and requirement to asses seasonal ornament .

References:

1.Agatsuma, T., Rajapakse, R. P., Kuruwita, V. Y., Iwagami, M., and Rajapakse, R. C. Molecular categorisation function of the elephant schistosome, Bivitellobilharzia nairi, new unconcealed in Sri Lanka. Parasitology International 53[1], 69-75. 2004.

2:Saseendran, P. C., Rajendran, S., Subramanian, H., Sasikumar, M., Vivek, G., and Anil, K. S. Incidence of helminthic incident among yearly dewormed imprisoned elephants. Zoos’ Print Journal 19[3], 1422. 2004.

3:Easwaran, K. R., Reghu, Ravindran., and Pillai, K. M. Parasitic incident of whatever disorderly animals at Thekkady in Kerala. Zoos’ Print Journal 18[2], 1030. 2003.

4:Kashid, K. P., Shrikhande, G. B., and Bhojne, G. R. Incidence of gastro-intestinal helminths in imprisoned disorderly animals at assorted locations. Zoos’ Print Journal 18[3], 1053-1054. 2003.

5;Carreno, R. A., Neimanis, A. S., Lindsjo, J., Thongnoppakun, P., Barta, J. R., and Peregrine, A. S. Parasites institute in dejection of Amerindic elephants (Elephas maximus) in Siam mass communication with mebendazole, with observations on Pfenderius papillatus (Cobbold, 1882) Stiles and Goldberger, 1910 by scanning lepton microscopy. Helminthologia 38[2], 75-79. 2001.

6:Raman, M., Jayathangaraj, M. G., and Malik, P. K. In vitro survivability of strongylid larvae of elephants. Amerindic Journal of Animal Sciences 71[11], 1043-1044. 2001.

7;Suresh, K., Choudhuri, P. C., Kumari, K. N., Hafeez, M., and Hamza, P. A. Epidemiological and clinico-therapeutic studies of strongylosis in elephants. Zoos’ Print Journal 16[7], 539-540. 2001.

8:Raman, M., Jayathagaraj, M. G., Rajavelu, G., and John, M. C. Strongylosis in imprisoned elephants — a report. Amerindic Journal of Animal Health 39[2], 85-86. 2000.

9;Saidul, Islam, Abdul, Mukit, Manoranjan, Das, Islam, S., Mukit, A., and Das, M. Pathology of concurrent Gastrodiscus secundus and Pseudodiscus collinsi incident in digit imprisoned continent elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 13[2], 151-152. 1999.

10:Bhat, M. N. and Manickam, R. Coproculture and dissent of ordinal initiate larvae of Murshidia sp. in elephants (Elephas maximus). Amerindic Veterinary Journal 75[12], 1140-1142. 1998.

11:Matsuo, K., Hayashi, S., and Kamiya, M. Parasitic infections of Indonesian elephant in the Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia. continent Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 3[2], 95-100. 1998.

12:Islam, S. Studies on whatever aspects of cloud in continent elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 11[1], 109. 1997.

13:Matsuo, K. and Suprahman, H. Some parasites from Indonesian elephants in Indonesia. Journal of the Helminthological Society of pedagogue 64[2], 298-299. 1997.

14;Watve, M. G. Helminth Parasites of Elephants: Ecological Aspects. Daniel, J. C. A Week with Elephants; Proceedings of the International Seminar on continent Elephants. 289-295. 1995. Bombay, India, Bombay Natural History Society; metropolis University Press.

15:Singh, K. P., Srivastava, V. K., Prasad, A., and Pandey, A. P. Pathology cod to Fasciola jacksoni in Amerindic elephants (Elephas indicus). Amerindic Journal of Animal Sciences 64[8], 802-804. 1994.

16;Li, C. X., Rong, Y. M., and Xie, Q. P. A think of insect parasites of elephants (Elephas maximus). Asiatic Journal of Zoology 28[5], 43-44. 1993.

17:Chakraborthy, A. and Chaudhury, B. Pathology of Fasciola jacksoni cloud in elephants. Amerindic Journal of Veterinary Pathology 16[2], 98-101. 1992.

18:Maske, D. K., Sardey, M. R., and Bhilegaonkar, N. G. Helminth parasites in installation animals of Maharaj Bag, Nagpur, Maharashtra State. Amerindic Journal of Animal Science 60[8], 952. 1990.

19;Li, C. X., Rong, Y. M., and Lan, J. G. Anthelmintic effectualness of albendazole against parasites in Amerindic elephants. Asiatic Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 9, 42-43. 1988.

20:Eric R. Morgan1,2,6, poet Shaikenov3, Apostle R. Torgerson2,4, choreographer F. Medley1 and E. J. Milner-Gulland5 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 41(1), 2005, pp. 149-162

© Wildlife Disease Association 2005